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Prevalence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

Received: 17 December 2019     Accepted: 10 January 2020     Published: 7 February 2020
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Abstract

HIV is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality affecting more than 1.3 million children worldwide, one of the morbidity is cardiac abnormalities. Cardiovascular abnormalities are still subclinical during childhood then become symtomatic in adulthood. Electrocardiography is effective to detect cardiac diseases. This study aimed to assess ECG changes in HIV infected children and describe ECG abnormalities in HIV-infected children with or without HAART. From 70 subjects, we found the most common abnormality was sinus tachycardia in 17 patients (24.3%), sinus bradycardia 1 patient (1.4%) and 2 patients with sinus arrhythmia (2.9%). The mean QTc interval was 0.42 seconds (±0.07) and 14 patients (20%) had prolongation. The mean PR interval was 0.12 seconds (±0.02), 11 patients (15.7%) experienced prolongation of PR interval. The mean QRS duration was 0.06 seconds (±0.09). Left ventricular enlargement was present in 6 patients (8.6%), conduction disturbance which is characterized by Bundle branch block was found in 2 patients (2.9%) and ST changes was seen in 2 patients (2.9%). Other ECG abnormalities are characterized by right ventricle hyperthropy in 4 patients and a patient had T tall. The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities based on ECG examination from this study was 51.3%, consist of heart rhythm abnormality, prolonged PR interval, prolonged QTc interval, bundle branch block, ventricle hypertrophy and ST changes.

Published in American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13
Page(s) 22-26
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Electrocardiography, HIV, HAART, Children

References
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[3] A. Sims, C. Hadigan. Cardiovascular complications in children with HIV infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2011; 8: 209-14.
[4] N. S. Idris, D. E. Grobbee, D. Burgner, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection in children. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015; 22: 1452-61.
[5] S. E. Lipshultz, K. A. Easley, E. J. Orav, S. Kaplan, T. J. Starc, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and mortality in HIV-infected children: the prospective P2C2HIV multicentre study: pediatric pulmonary and cardiovascular complications of vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (P2C2 HIV) study group. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1542-8.
[6] C. Am, G. J. Nuovo. Histologic and in situ viral findings in the myocardium in cases of sudden, unexpected death. Mod Pathol. 2002; 15: 914-22.
[7] R. H. Merchant, M. M. Lala. Common clinical problems in children living with HIV/AIDS: systemic approach. Indian J Pediatr. 2012; 79: 1506–13.
[8] S. E. Lipshultz. Dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339 (16): 1153-5.
[9] W. G. Harmon, G. H. Dadlani, S. D. Fisher, S. E. Lipshultz. Myocardial and pericardial disease in HIV. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2002; 4 (6): 497-509.
[10] I. C. Okoye, E. N. Anyabolu. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in treatment-naïve HIV subjects in south-east Nigeria. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017; 28: 1-5.
[11] N. Patel, S. Abdelsayed, M. Veve, C. D. Miller. Predictors of clinically significant drug-drug interactions among patients treated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-, protease inhibitor, and raltegravir-based antiretroviral regimens. Ann Pharmacother. 2011; 45 (3): 317.
[12] M. U. Sani, B. N. Okeahialam, Jos, Kano. QTc interval prolongation in patients with HIV and AIDS. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005; 97: 1657-1661.
[13] P. O. Njoku, E. C. Ejim, B. C. Anisiuba, S. O. Ike, B. J. C. Onwubere. Electrocardiographic findings in a cross-sectional study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in Enugu, south-east Nigeria. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2016; 27: 252-257.
[14] I. C. Okoye, N. D. Anyabolu. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in treatment-naïve HIV subjects in south-east Nigeria. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017; 28 (5): 315-318.
[15] R. C. McIntosh, J. D. Lobo, B. E. Hurwitz. Current assessment of heart rate variability and QTc interval length in HIV/AIDS. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2017; 12 (6): 528-533.
[16] S. Nalmas, R. Nagarakanti, J. Slim, E. Abter, E. Bishburg. Electrocardiographic changes in infectious diseases. Hospital Physician. 2007; 15-27.
[17] B. Charbit, E. Gayat, P. Voiriot, F. Boccara, P. M. Girard, C. Funck-Brentano. Effects of HIV Protease Inhibitors on cardiac conduction velocity in unselected hiv-infected patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 9: 1-7.
[18] N. S. Idris, M. M. H. Cheung, D. E. Grobbee, D. Burgner, N. Kurniati et al. Effects of paediatric HIV infection on electrical conduction of the heart. Open Heart. 2016; 3: 1-8.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ni Luh Sri Apsari, Eka Gunawijaya, Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie, Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati, Komang Ayu Witarini, et al. (2020). Prevalence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children. American Journal of Pediatrics, 6(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13

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    ACS Style

    Ni Luh Sri Apsari; Eka Gunawijaya; Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie; Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati; Komang Ayu Witarini, et al. Prevalence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children. Am. J. Pediatr. 2020, 6(1), 22-26. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13

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    AMA Style

    Ni Luh Sri Apsari, Eka Gunawijaya, Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie, Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati, Komang Ayu Witarini, et al. Prevalence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children. Am J Pediatr. 2020;6(1):22-26. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13,
      author = {Ni Luh Sri Apsari and Eka Gunawijaya and Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie and Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati and Komang Ayu Witarini and Hendra Santoso},
      title = {Prevalence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children},
      journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
      volume = {6},
      number = {1},
      pages = {22-26},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20200601.13},
      abstract = {HIV is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality affecting more than 1.3 million children worldwide, one of the morbidity is cardiac abnormalities. Cardiovascular abnormalities are still subclinical during childhood then become symtomatic in adulthood. Electrocardiography is effective to detect cardiac diseases. This study aimed to assess ECG changes in HIV infected children and describe ECG abnormalities in HIV-infected children with or without HAART. From 70 subjects, we found the most common abnormality was sinus tachycardia in 17 patients (24.3%), sinus bradycardia 1 patient (1.4%) and 2 patients with sinus arrhythmia (2.9%). The mean QTc interval was 0.42 seconds (±0.07) and 14 patients (20%) had prolongation. The mean PR interval was 0.12 seconds (±0.02), 11 patients (15.7%) experienced prolongation of PR interval. The mean QRS duration was 0.06 seconds (±0.09). Left ventricular enlargement was present in 6 patients (8.6%), conduction disturbance which is characterized by Bundle branch block was found in 2 patients (2.9%) and ST changes was seen in 2 patients (2.9%). Other ECG abnormalities are characterized by right ventricle hyperthropy in 4 patients and a patient had T tall. The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities based on ECG examination from this study was 51.3%, consist of heart rhythm abnormality, prolonged PR interval, prolonged QTc interval, bundle branch block, ventricle hypertrophy and ST changes.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prevalence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children
    AU  - Ni Luh Sri Apsari
    AU  - Eka Gunawijaya
    AU  - Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie
    AU  - Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati
    AU  - Komang Ayu Witarini
    AU  - Hendra Santoso
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13
    T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    SP  - 22
    EP  - 26
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0909
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200601.13
    AB  - HIV is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality affecting more than 1.3 million children worldwide, one of the morbidity is cardiac abnormalities. Cardiovascular abnormalities are still subclinical during childhood then become symtomatic in adulthood. Electrocardiography is effective to detect cardiac diseases. This study aimed to assess ECG changes in HIV infected children and describe ECG abnormalities in HIV-infected children with or without HAART. From 70 subjects, we found the most common abnormality was sinus tachycardia in 17 patients (24.3%), sinus bradycardia 1 patient (1.4%) and 2 patients with sinus arrhythmia (2.9%). The mean QTc interval was 0.42 seconds (±0.07) and 14 patients (20%) had prolongation. The mean PR interval was 0.12 seconds (±0.02), 11 patients (15.7%) experienced prolongation of PR interval. The mean QRS duration was 0.06 seconds (±0.09). Left ventricular enlargement was present in 6 patients (8.6%), conduction disturbance which is characterized by Bundle branch block was found in 2 patients (2.9%) and ST changes was seen in 2 patients (2.9%). Other ECG abnormalities are characterized by right ventricle hyperthropy in 4 patients and a patient had T tall. The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities based on ECG examination from this study was 51.3%, consist of heart rhythm abnormality, prolonged PR interval, prolonged QTc interval, bundle branch block, ventricle hypertrophy and ST changes.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Child Health, Udayana University Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

  • Department of Child Health, Udayana University Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

  • Department of Child Health, Udayana University Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

  • Department of Child Health, Udayana University Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

  • Department of Child Health, Udayana University Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

  • Department of Child Health, Udayana University Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

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